<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052</id><updated>2012-01-17T03:13:51.928-08:00</updated><category term='bahasa inggris'/><category term='jaringan komputer'/><title type='text'>Dianny89</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>12</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-4719467686380544359</id><published>2010-06-18T19:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2010-06-18T19:43:05.566-07:00</updated><title type='text'>ODD-EVEN TRANSPOSITION SORT</title><content type='html'>ODD-EVEN TRANSPOSITION SORT&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Odd-even transposition sort dirancang untuk model array prosesor dengan elemen-elemen&lt;br /&gt;processing yang disusun menjadi mesh satu dimensi.&lt;br /&gt;Anggap A = (a0, a1, ..., an-1) adalah himpunan n elemen yang akan di-sort. Setiap n elemen&lt;br /&gt;processing berisi dua variabel lokal: a, elemen unik dari array A, dan t, variabel yang berisi&lt;br /&gt;nilai yang diambil dari elemen processing tetangganya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Algoritma melakukan n/2 iterasi, dan setiap iterasi memiliki dua fase:&lt;br /&gt;1. odd-even exchange: nilai a pada setiap prosesor bernomer ganjil (kecuali prosesor n-1)&lt;br /&gt;dibandingkan dengan nilai a yang tersimpan di prosesor berikutnya. Nlai-nilai ditukar,&lt;br /&gt;jika perlu, sehingga prosesor dengan nomer lebih kecil berisi nilai yang lebih kecil.&lt;br /&gt;2. even-odd exchange: nilai a pada setiap prosesor bernomer genap dibandingkan dengan&lt;br /&gt;nilai a yang tersimpan di prosesor berikutnya. Nlai-nilai ditukar, jika perlu, sehingga&lt;br /&gt;prosesor dengan nomer lebih kecil berisi nilai yang lebih kecil.&lt;br /&gt;Setelah n/2 iterasi, nilai-nilai harus ter-sort.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ODD-EVEN TRANSPOSITION SORT (ONE-DIMENSIONAL MESH PROCESSOR&lt;br /&gt;ARRAY):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Parameter n&lt;br /&gt;Global i&lt;br /&gt;Local a {element to be sorted}&lt;br /&gt;t {element taken from adjacent processor}&lt;br /&gt;begin&lt;br /&gt;for i ← 1 to n/2 do&lt;br /&gt;for all Pj, where 0 ≤ j ≤ n-1 do&lt;br /&gt;if j &amp;lt; n-1 and odd(j) then {Odd-even exchange}&lt;br /&gt;t ⇐ successor(a) {Get value from successor}&lt;br /&gt;successor(a)⇐max(a,t) {Give away larger val}&lt;br /&gt;a ← min(a,t) {Keep smaller value}&lt;br /&gt;endif&lt;br /&gt;if even(j) then {Even-odd exchange}&lt;br /&gt;t ⇐ successor(a) {Get value from successor}&lt;br /&gt;successor(a)⇐max(a,t) {Give away larger val}&lt;br /&gt;a ← min(a,t) {Keep smaller value}&lt;br /&gt;endif&lt;br /&gt;endfor&lt;br /&gt;endfor&lt;br /&gt;end&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Odd-even transposition sort dari delapan nilai pada model array prosesor mesh satu dimensi:&lt;br /&gt;Indeks: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7&lt;br /&gt;Nilai awal: G H F D E C B A&lt;br /&gt;Setelah odd-even exchange: G F &lt;h d=""&gt;&lt;e b=""&gt;&lt;c a=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah even-odd exchange: F &lt;g d=""&gt;&lt;h b=""&gt;&lt;e a=""&gt;&lt;c&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah odd-even exchange: F D &lt;g b=""&gt;&lt;h a=""&gt;&lt;e c=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah even-odd exchange: D &lt;f b=""&gt;&lt;g a=""&gt;&lt;h c=""&gt;&lt;e&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah odd-even exchange: D B &lt;f a=""&gt;&lt;g c=""&gt;&lt;h e=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah even-odd exchange: B &lt;d a=""&gt;&lt;f c=""&gt;&lt;g e=""&gt;&lt;h&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah odd-even exchange: B A &lt;d c=""&gt;&lt;f e=""&gt;&lt;g h=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Setelah even-odd exchange: A &lt;b c=""&gt;&lt;d e=""&gt;&lt;f g=""&gt;&lt;h&gt;&lt;/h&gt;&lt;/f&gt;&lt;/d&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/g&gt;&lt;/f&gt;&lt;/d&gt;&lt;/h&gt;&lt;/g&gt;&lt;/f&gt;&lt;/d&gt;&lt;/h&gt;&lt;/g&gt;&lt;/f&gt;&lt;/e&gt;&lt;/h&gt;&lt;/g&gt;&lt;/f&gt;&lt;/e&gt;&lt;/h&gt;&lt;/g&gt;&lt;/c&gt;&lt;/e&gt;&lt;/h&gt;&lt;/g&gt;&lt;/c&gt;&lt;/e&gt;&lt;/h&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b c=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Teorema:&lt;br /&gt;Kompleksitas sorting n elemen pada array prosesor mesh satu dimensi dengan n prosesor&lt;br /&gt;menggunakan odd-even transposition sort adalah Θ(n).&lt;br /&gt;Bukti:&lt;br /&gt;Bukti berdasar fakta bahwa setelah i iterasi loop for luar, tidak ada elemen yang bisa lebih&lt;br /&gt;jauh dari n -2i posisi dari posisi akhir dan ter-sortnya. Dengan demikian, n/2 iterasi cukup&lt;br /&gt;untuk men-sort elemen-elemen tsb, dan kompleksitas waktu algoritma paralel adalah Θ(n),&lt;br /&gt;jika diberikan n elemen processing. &lt;/b&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-4719467686380544359?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/4719467686380544359/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2010/06/odd-even-transposition-sort.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/4719467686380544359'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/4719467686380544359'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2010/06/odd-even-transposition-sort.html' title='ODD-EVEN TRANSPOSITION SORT'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-2985359908099500768</id><published>2009-11-20T03:13:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-20T04:41:32.592-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bahasa inggris'/><title type='text'>Contoh Surat Lamaran – Bahasa Inggris Standar</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Verdana, Tahoma, 'BitStream vera Sans', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="info" style="font-size: 10px; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 3px;"&gt;&lt;div class="fixed" style="clear: both; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="content" style="line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: right;"&gt;Bekasi, April 7th, 2007&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Attention To:&lt;br /&gt;HRD Manager&lt;br /&gt;PT. Pranata Informatindo&lt;br /&gt;Jl. Raya Sudirman No. 17&lt;br /&gt;Bekasi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Dear Sir/Madam,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;I have read from your advertisement at Republika that your company is looking for employees to hold some position. Based on the advertisement, I am interested in applying application for Engineer position according with my background educational as Engineering Physics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-48" style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;My name is Iswandi Lubis, I am twenty three years old. I have graduated from Engineering Physics Department ISTN on March 2007. My specialization in Engineering Physics is Instrumentation and Control specialist. I consider myself that I have qualifications as you want. I have good motivation for progress and growing, eager to learn, and can work with a team (team work) or by myself. Beside that I posses adequate computer skill and have good command in English (oral and written).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;With my qualifications, I confident that I will be able to contribute effectively to your company. Herewith I enclose my :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;1. Copy of Bachelor Degree (S-1) Certificate and Academic Transcript.&lt;br /&gt;2. Curriculum Vitae.&lt;br /&gt;3. Copy of Job Training Certificate from Unocal Indonesia Company.&lt;br /&gt;4. Recent photograph with size of 4×6&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;I would express my gratitude for your attention and I hope I could follow your recruitment test luckily.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Sincerely,&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;Iswandi Lubis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-2985359908099500768?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/2985359908099500768/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/contoh-surat-lamaran-bahasa-inggris.html#comment-form' title='1 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/2985359908099500768'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/2985359908099500768'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/contoh-surat-lamaran-bahasa-inggris.html' title='Contoh Surat Lamaran – Bahasa Inggris Standar'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-2079162130604437420</id><published>2009-11-20T02:18:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-20T03:53:16.829-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bahasa inggris'/><title type='text'>TESIS 2</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-size: 1.6em; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;FUTUR PERFECT TENSE&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 18px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Perfect digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu selesainya sesuatu. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;- I will have finished&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;by 4.00. - Sampai jam 4.00 saya akan menyelesaikan sebuah aktivitas tertentu.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Bentuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Continuous dibentuk dengan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will + have + past participle (verb 3)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will have arrived&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;by 4.00.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;They&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will have left&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;by next week.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;He&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will have gone to America&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;by the end of the month.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Untuk bentuk negatif tambahkan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-1489" style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;won’t have arrived&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;by 4.00.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;They&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;won’t have left&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;by next week.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;He&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;won’t have gone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;to America until next month.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Untuk pertanyaan tukar posisi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;dengan subjek, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Will you have arrived&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;by 4.00?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Will they have left&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;by next week?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Will he have gone&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;to America by next month?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Kegunaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Perfect menunjukkan waktu dimana sesuatu selesai dilakukan/terjadi. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Next Friday, I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;‘ll have worked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;here for 5 years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Ketika Jumat depan tiba, maka sudah 5 tahun saya bekerja disini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Kita sering menggunakan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;by&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;untuk menunjukkan waktu sebelum sesuatu diselesaikan, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Can I borrow you book? - You can have it tomorrow, I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;‘ll have read&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;it by then.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;‘ll have left&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;by the time you arrive.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: #666666;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://englishonline.blogdetik.com/2009/08/29/future-continous-tense/" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Permalink for : Future Continous Tense"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Future Continous Tense&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Continuous digunakan untuk aktivitas yang terjadi dalam periode waktu mendatang. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;- This week I’m working in Boston, but next week I’ll be working in Los Angeles.&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;- Where will you be staying? I’ll be staying at the Warwick Hotel.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Bentuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Continuous dibentuk dengan will + kata kerja “to be” + bentuk&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;-ing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will be arriving&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;at 4.00.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;They&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will be staying&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;for a few days.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;She&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will be going&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;to America.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Untuk bentuk negatif ditambahkan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;not&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-1487" style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;won’t be arriving&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;at 4.00.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;We&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;won’t be staying&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;for a few days.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;She&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;won’t be going&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;to America.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Untuk bentuk pertanyaan posisi&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;will&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;ditukar dengan posisi subjek, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Will you be arriving&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;at 4.00?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Will they be staying&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;for a few days?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Will she be going&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;to America?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Kegunaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Continuous juga digunakan untuk sebuah aktivitas yang terjadi sekitar waktu tertentu. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ll be arriving at 7.00. (Saya akan tiba sekitar pukul 7.00)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ll be seeing you at Mike’s birthday party.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;What time will you be leaving? I’ll be leaving at 10.00. (Saya tidak mungkin berangkat tepat jam 10 tetapi proses saya berangkat terjadi sekitar pukul 10.00).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Continuous Tense terkadang digunakan untuk penawaran formal, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;“Will you be needing a cab home, sir?”&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Continuous juga digunakan untuk mengecek informasi, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Will you be having lunch with us?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Bandingkan dengan bentuk Future Simple, yang kedengaran lebih seperti sebuah penawaran, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Will you have lunch with us?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Future Continuous juga digunakan untuk membuat prediksi-prediksi tentang perasaan orang, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;You’ll be feeling hungry after a hard day’s work.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;You’ll be needing some rest before you go.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://englishonline.blogdetik.com/2009/08/29/past-perfect-tense/" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Permalink for : Past Perfect Tense"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Past Perfect Tense&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Past Perfect digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua waktu lampau: sebuah waktu lampau sebelumnya dengan waktu lampau setelahnya. Dalam praktiknya present perfect digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi sebelum waktu lampau tertentu. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;- When I arrived, the plane&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;had left&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;. - I arrived (waktu lampau), the plane left (waktu lampau sebelumnya)&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;- Before I went to Canada, I hadn’t been abroad. - I went to Canada (waktu lampau), and before that time I never went abroad (waktu lampau sebelumnya).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Bentuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Past perfect dibentuk dengan had dan past participle (verb 3). Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-1485" style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;had eaten&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;She had played&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;They had flown&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;dan seterusnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Kegunaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Seperti disebutkan Past Perfect menghubungkan dua waktu lampau: sebuah situasi lampau dan situasi lampau lain sebelumnya. Ada beberapa kaidah yang perlu diperhatikan dan berikut beberapa contoh untuk membantu anda melihat bagaimana penggunaannya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I wasn’t busy yesterday. I had already finished my work.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I wasn’t busy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;pada satu waktu di masa lampau, karena sebelumnya&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I had finished my work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I ate a small lunch, because I’d already eaten a big breakfast.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I ate lunch&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;pada satu waktu di masa lampau, dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I ate breakfast&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;pada waktu lampau sebelumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;When I arrived, the concert had just started.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I arrived&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;di masa lampau, dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;the concert started&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;beberapa waktu sebelumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Past Perfect - Present Perfect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Present Perfect menghubungkan waktu lampau dan waktu sekarang, contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I haven’t eaten today, so I want some food.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Past Perfect menghubungkan dua waktu lampau, Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I hadn’t eaten yesterday, so I wanted some food.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Begitu juga:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;We don’t need an umbrella because the rain has stopped. (Present Perfect)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;We didn’t need an umbrella, because the rain had stopped. (Past Perfect)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;h2 style="font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 24px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://englishonline.blogdetik.com/2009/08/15/present-perfect-1-bentuk-dan-kegunaan/" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="Permalink for : Present perfect 1 - Bentuk dan kegunaan"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;Present perfect&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menghubungkan masa lampau dengan masa sekarang. Kegunaan utamanya adalah untuk menunjukkan relevansi tindakan atau situasi masa lampau dengan kondisi sekarang. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;John&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;has gone&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;home (telah pulang ke rumah)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;John pulang ke rumah di masa lampau, tetapi yang diinginkan kalimat diatas sebenarnya adalah dimana dia berada sekarang. Kalimat ini memberikan informasi masa lampau untuk menginformasikan situasi sekarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-1452" style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Bentuk&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Present Perfect dibuat dengan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;have/has&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;(kata kerja bantu “to have”) dan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;past participle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;(kata kerja bentuk ke-3). Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;have worked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;in London.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;She&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;has worked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;in a bank.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Pasti participle (Verb 3) beraturan dibentuk dengan menambahkan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;-ed&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;ke kata kerja, misalnya&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;work - worked, play - played.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Akan tetapi ada banyak Verb 3 tidak beraturan yang perlu anda ketahui.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Berikut adalah bentuk-bentuk Present Perfect dengan kata kerja&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;to work&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;col style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="57"&gt;&lt;/col&gt;&lt;col style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="103"&gt;&lt;/col&gt;&lt;col style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" width="97"&gt;&lt;/col&gt;&lt;tbody style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;tbody style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;tr style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="22%"&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="40%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Tunggal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Jamak&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="22%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Afirmatif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="40%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I have worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;You have worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;He has worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;She has worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;It has worked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;We have worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;You have worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;They have worked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="22%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Negatif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="40%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I haven’t worked (haven’t = have not)&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;You haven’t worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;He hasn’t worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;She hasn’t worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;It hasn’t worked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;We haven’t worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;You haven’t worked&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;They haven’t worked&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" valign="top"&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="22%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Interogatif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="40%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have I worked?&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you worked?&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Has he worked?&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Has she worked?&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Has it worked?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style="border-bottom-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(221, 221, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; vertical-align: top;" width="38%"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have I worked?&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you worked?&lt;br style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;" /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have they worked?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Kegunaan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Berikut beberapa kegunaan Present Perfect. Perlu selalu diingat bahwa untuk semua poin berikut tujuan utama yakni menghubungkan masa lampau dan masa sekarang adalah sama.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;A. Masa lampau yang menginformasikan masa sekarang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;1.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk memberikan informasi masa lampau yang relevan dengan keadaan sekarang. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you been shopping? Yes, I went this morning.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Pertanyaan “Have you been shopping?” menanyakan tentang fakta masa lampau - apakah You pergi belanja atau tidak. Akan tetapi, pertanyaan ini ditanyakan karena kebutuhan masa sekarang - jika You sudah belanja, pembicara tidak perlu pergi sekarang - jika You belum belanja pembicara perlu pergi sekarang. Pertanyaan ini adalah pertanyaan tentang kebutuhan masa sekarang, bukan fakta masa lampau.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;2.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk menghubungkan pengalaman masa lampau. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you been to Italy?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;No, I haven’t been there.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Lagi-lagi, pertanyaan “Have you been Italy?” menanyakan tentang fakta masa lampau, tetapi masa atau kondisi lampau tidak begitu penting. Justru penanya menginginkan informasi ini untuk kebutuhan sekarang - mungkin penanya sedang membicarakan tentang perjalanan keluar negeri, atau mungkin tertarik dengan Italia. Kita tidak bisa menjelaskan hanya dari satu kalimat, tetapi yang menjadi fokus disini adalah pada kebutuhan sekarang, bukan masa lampau.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;3.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk pencapaian/prestasi. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;James has won first prize for math.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;James memenangkan hadiah di masa lampau, tetapi yang menjadi fokus kalimat adalah prestrasinya sekarang ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;B. Masa lampau sampai masa sekarang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;. Present Perfect digunakan untuk menunjukkan perubahan dari masa lampau sampai masa sekarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;John’s English wasn’t very good, but he’s got much better.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Antara sebuah waktu di masa dan sekarang, Bahasa Inggris John telah mengalami peningkatan. Fokus tidak terlalu ditujukan pada seberapa buruk English John di masa lampau, tetapi justru seberapa baik English dia sekarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;2.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Present Perfect digunakan untuk sebuah situasi atau tindakan yang bermula di masa lampau dan masih terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Kita umum menggunakan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;since&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;pada situasi-situasi seperti ini. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;John has lived in Boston for 5 years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;John datang ke Boston 5 tahun yang lalu dan masih tinggal disana.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;He has (He’s) been a lawyer for 12 years.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;3.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Present Perfect digunakan untuk tindakan yang berulang yang dimulai di masa lampau dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;We’ve been to England 4 times.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Subjek (we) pada kalimat diatas pergi ke England beberapa kali di masa lampau, dan kemungkinan akan kesana lagi di masa yang akan datang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;4.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Present Perfect digunakan untuk sebuah periode waktu yang dimulai di masa lampau tetapi masih terus berlanjut sampai sekarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve studied at the library every day this week.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;This week bermula di masa lampau, tetapi masih berlangsung, belum berakhir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Waktu pasti dan tak pasti&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Salah satu aturan mudah tentang Present Perfect adalah tenses ini tidak bisa digunakan bersama dengan waktu pasti (definite time). Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been on vacation. Benar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I went on vacation last month. Benar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been on vacation last month. Tidak benar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Kita tidak bisa menggunakan waktu pasti bersaa dengan Present Perfect. Present Perfect menggunakan informasi masa lampau untuk berfokus pada waktu sekarang, jadi menyebutkan waktu lampau juga tidak tepat.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Sebagai aturan umum: Jika waktu pasti di masa lampau penting, gunakan Present Simple - Jika waktu pasti di masa lampau tidak penting, gunakan Present Perfect. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I went to Paris last year. - Yang menjadi fokus adala masa lampau&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been to Paris. - Yang menjadi fokus adalah bagaimana pengalaman di Paris mempengaruhi masa sekarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Present Perfect bisa digunakan bersama dengan kata keterangan waktu. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I haven’t had a vacation recently.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Perlu diperhatikan bahwa Present Perfect bisa digunakan dengan periode waktu yang belum selesai. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I haven’t had a vacation this year. (Benar) - Tahun ini belum habis, jadi Present Perfect digunakan untuk waktu yang terus berlanjut dari masa lalu sampai sekarang.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I haven’t had a vacation last year. Tidak benar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you ever…?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you ever…? merupakan struktur umum yang digunakan untuk menanyakan tentang pengalaman masa lampau. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you ever met a famous person?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Secara kasar kalimat diatas berarti: Apakah kamu memiliki pengalama masa lampau bertemua dengan orang terkenal / Apakah kamu bertemu dengan orang terkenal di waktu mana saja di masa lampau?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-1453" style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you ever flown in a plane?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you ever won a competition?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Haven’t you ever done this before?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Ever&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Ever&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;berarti “pada waktu kapan saja”, waktu spesifik tidak diketahui atau tidak penting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Ever&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;digunakan dalam pertanyaan, lihat&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;“Have you ever…?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;diatas.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Ever&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;juga digunakan bersama&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;nothing, nobody&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;dan sebagainya untuk hal-hal yang belum terjadi sebelumnya Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Nobody has ever travelled through time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;That window’s been broken for months, but nothing has ever been done about it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Ever&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;juga digunakan dengan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;“the first time”&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;untuk pengalaman pertama. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;This is the first time I’ve been abroad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Is this your first time on a plane?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;This is the first time I’ve ever eaten dog soup.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Ever&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;bisa digunakan dalam kalimat afirmatif meskipun lebih tidak lazim dan sering dianggap kuno. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut anda bisa cek disini&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ever" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 204); border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-width: 1px; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=ever&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Never&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Never&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;pada dasarnya merupakan singkat dari “not ever”. Digunakan bersama Present Perfect tense, never berarti subjek belum mengalami pengalaman tertentu sebelumnya. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you ever been abroad? No, I’ve never been abroad.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Saya belum pernah mengalami pengalaman itu sebelumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you ever been on a plane before? No, I’ve never been on a plane.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Kalimat negatif dan bertanya juga mungkin. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Have you never eaten this before?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Kalimat ini menunjukkan kejutan yang You belum pernah alami sebelumnya.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;- Have you never played soccer?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Since&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;dan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;keduanya digunakan untuk situasi-situasi dan tindakan-tindakan yang dimulai di masa lampau dan terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been at home&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;for&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;4 hours.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been at home&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;since&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;12.00.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Since&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Since&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;digunakan dengan sebuah titik waktu. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve lived here since March.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been here since 9.00 this morning.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Since&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;hanya digunakan dengan bentuk Perfect seperti Present Perfect, Past Perfect dan seterusnya -&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;since&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;tidak bisa digunakan bersama dengan bentuk-bentuk lainnya.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-1454" style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve studied english since last year - Benar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I studied / I am studying / I will study English&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: line-through;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;since&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;last year - Tidak benar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Since&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;juga digunakan bersama dengan klausa-klausa waktu. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve studied English&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;since I was at university.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;We haven’t seen my family since&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;we got married&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Perhatikan bahwa klausa utama menggunakan Present Perfect, dan klausa lainnya menggunakan past simple.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;For&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;For&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;digunakan dengan sebuah periode waktu. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve lived here for 9 months.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;She’s been here for 5 hours.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Berbeda dengan&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;since, for&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;bisa digunakan dengan tensis-tensis selain perfect tense. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I lived here for 9 months -&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;Periode waktu ini dimulai dan berakhir di masa lampau, sekarang telah selesai.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I will live here for a year&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Periode waktu ini akan dimulai dan berakhir di masa mendatang, sekarang belum dilakukan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;em style="font-style: italic; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I have lived here for a long tome&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;- Periode waktu ini dimulai di masa lampau dan masih terus berlanjut sampai sekarang. Belum berakhir.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Memilih apakah harus menggunakan Present Perfect atau Pasti Simple biasanya tergantung pada apakah digunakan waktu pasti (definite) atau waktu tidak pasti (indefinite). Jika waktu pasti lampau digunakan, kita memakai Past Simple, dan jika tidak ada waktu pasti yang diberikan kita gunakan Present Perfect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Peristiwa tunggal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I went to America in March. - Kalimat ini memiliki waktu lampau yang pasti, jadi kita gunakan Past Simple.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been to America. - Disini waktu tidak penting, yang penting adalah fakta bahwa subjek pergi ke Amerika di waktu lampau.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I read this book last week. - Pekan lalu (Last week) subjek mulai dan menyelesaikan membaca buku ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve read this book. - Disini waktu juga tidak penting, yang penting adalah fakta bahwa subjek sebelumnya telah membaca buku tersebut.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Akan tetapi, Present Perfect bisa digunakan dengan periode waktu yang belum berakhir. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;span id="more-1455" style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been to the doctor today. - Today (hari ini) belum berakhir, jadi kalimat ini benar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I went to the doctor today. - Ini juga benar, sebuah pernyataan tentang tindakan di masa lampau.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been to the doctor yesterday. - Ini tidak benar, yesterday (kemarin) merupakan periode yang telah berakhir yang tidak berlanjut sampai sekarang jadi kita tidak menggunakan Present Perfect pada kalimat ini.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;strong style="font-weight: bold; font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Banyak peristiwa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Past Simple dan Present Perfect bisa sama-sama digunakan untuk peristiwa yang banyak. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I went to America three times last year. - Dalam kalimat ini waktu dianggap penting.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been to America three times. - Disini waktu tidak penting, yang ditekankan adalah fakta bahwa subjek sudah pernah ke Amerika.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;Seperti diatas kita juga bisa menggunakan present perfect untuk banyak peristiwa apabila waktunya belum berakhir. Contoh:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 12px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 40px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been to America three times this year. - This year (tahun ini) belum berakhir, jadi kalimat ini benar.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="font: normal normal normal 1em/normal 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Verdana, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;I’ve been to America three times last year. - Tidak benar, last year (tahun lalu) merupakan periode yang telah berakhir, jadi kita tidak bisa menggunakan Present Perfect.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-2079162130604437420?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/2079162130604437420/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/future-perfect-tense-future-perfect.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/2079162130604437420'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/2079162130604437420'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/future-perfect-tense-future-perfect.html' title='TESIS 2'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-6452228980319036739</id><published>2009-11-20T01:51:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-20T01:56:08.685-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bahasa inggris'/><title type='text'>TESIS</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;&amp;nbsp;Simple Present&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Bentuk negatif Simple Present - kata kerja “to be”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kalimat negatif dan pertanyaan bentuk simple present yang menggunakan kata kerja “to be” terbentuk secara berbeda dengan pertanyaan-pertanyaan lain. Untuk membuat kalimat negatif kita cukup menambahkan “not” sebelum kata kerja “to be”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Kalimat: You are a doctor&lt;br /&gt;- Negatif: Your are not a doctor&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Kalimat: They are cats&lt;br /&gt;- Negatif: They are not cats&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berikut adalah bentuk negatif dari kata kerja “to be” dalam bentuk Simple Present (bentuk sekarang sederhana):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tunggal&lt;br /&gt;I am not&lt;br /&gt;You are not&lt;br /&gt;He is not&lt;br /&gt;She is not&lt;br /&gt;It is not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jamak&lt;br /&gt;We are not&lt;br /&gt;You are not&lt;br /&gt;They are not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Pertanyaan Simple Present&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk membuat pertanyaan kita cukup membalik posisi subjek dan “to be”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Kalimat: You are a doctor&lt;br /&gt;- Pertanyaan: Are you a doctor?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Kalimat: They are cats&lt;br /&gt;- Pertanyaan: Are they cats?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“To be” sebagai pertanyaan dalam bentuk Simple Present adalah sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tunggal&lt;br /&gt;Am I (a teacher) ?&lt;br /&gt;Are you …?&lt;br /&gt;Is he …?&lt;br /&gt;Is she …?&lt;br /&gt;Is it …?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jamak&lt;br /&gt;Are we …?&lt;br /&gt;Are you …?&lt;br /&gt;Are they …?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Jawaban-jawaban singkat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kita bisa menjawa pertanyana-pertanyaan ini dengan jawaban singkat menggunakan kata kerja “to be”. Sebagai contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Are you a teacher?&lt;br /&gt;- Yes, I am / No, I am not&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- Is he a Student?&lt;br /&gt;- Yes, he is. / No, he is not.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Perlu diperhatikan bahwa dalam bahasa Inggris lisan kita biasanya menggunakan singkatan (contraction) untuk bentuk negatif. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No, I am not, bisa disingkat menjadi No, I’m not.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Singkatan-singkatan ini akan dipelajari khusus pada unit selanjutnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contoh penggunaan dalam dialog:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1) Sylvia, are you a teacher?&lt;br /&gt;No, I’m not. I’m a doctor.&lt;br /&gt;That’s great!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(2) So Tyler, what do you do?&lt;br /&gt;I’m a businessman. How about you?&lt;br /&gt;I’m a singer.&lt;br /&gt;Wow, that’s great!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(3) What does your friend look like, Sylvia?&lt;br /&gt;Oh, he’s tall, handsome, and he has brown hair.&lt;br /&gt;Is he kind?&lt;br /&gt;Yes, he’s very kind. He’s really nice!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(4) Hi, my name is Tyler. I’m tall, I’m funny, and I’m really happy. I’m a teacher and web designer. My friend’s name is Sylvia, she’s very cute, tall, and kind. She’s a teacher, too. She’s also really smart. It’s nice to meet you!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kosa kata baru:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;teacher = guru&lt;br /&gt;doctor = dokter&lt;br /&gt;great = hebat&lt;br /&gt;do = kerjakan/pekerjaan&lt;br /&gt;businessman = pebisnis&lt;br /&gt;singer = penyayi&lt;br /&gt;friend = teman&lt;br /&gt;look like = seperti&lt;br /&gt;tall = tinggi&lt;br /&gt;handsome = tampan&lt;span style="white-space: pre;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;hair = rambut&lt;br /&gt;brown = coklat&lt;br /&gt;kind = baik&lt;br /&gt;funny = menyenangkan&lt;br /&gt;happy = bahagia/senang&lt;br /&gt;web designer = perancang situs&lt;br /&gt;cute = manis/elok&lt;br /&gt;smart = cerdas&lt;br /&gt;really = sungguh&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Future Perfect Continuous Tense&amp;nbsp;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kita menggunakan tenses ini untuk menyatakan tindakan-tindakan yang sedang akan terjadi pada waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang. Beberapa ekspresi waktu yang umum digunakan dalam Future Perfect Continuous:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- By tomorrow / 8 o’clock&lt;br /&gt;- This year / month / week&lt;br /&gt;- Next year / month / week&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bentuk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subjek + will + have + been + Verb+ing. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We will have been driving 6 hours by the time we get home.&lt;br /&gt;In the summer Mike will have been trying to find a new job for five months.&lt;br /&gt;Jane will be very tired when she comes home, because she will have been flying over 24 hours.&lt;br /&gt;My father and I will have been breeding sheep for 20 years tomorrow.&lt;br /&gt;By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years.&lt;br /&gt;Catatan: Jika durasi sebuah aktivitas (sejak April, selama 3 jam) tidak diketahui maka Future Continuous harus digunakan ketimbang bentuk perfect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk bentuk negatif kita tambahkan not.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She won’t have been writing the book for four months by the end of October.&lt;br /&gt;Kalimat-kalimat negatif kedengarannya tidak natural. Kemungkinan karena jawaban terhadap sebuah pertanyaan seperti “Will she have been teaching for 30 years this year?” cukup “No, I don’t think so”.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bentuk negatif memiliki pola sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Will + subjek + have + been + verb+ing. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Will he have been writing the composition for a month by the end of February?&lt;br /&gt;Pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang dimulai dengan “how long” lebih umum:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How long will you have been learning German this year?&lt;br /&gt;How long will you have been trying to get your driving license this week? I hope you’ll finally make it!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Past Perfect Continuous Tense&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Past Perfect Continuous (Past Perfect Progressive) digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan-tindakan yang dimulai di waktu lampau dan berakhir sampai pada waktu yang lainnya di masa lampau juga.&lt;br /&gt;Durasi tindakan masa lampau sampai titik waktu tertentu di masa lampau juga&lt;br /&gt;Kalimat-kalimat pengandaian (a) dan reported speech (b)&lt;br /&gt;Bentuk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subjek + had + been + verb+ing. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had been running for an hour when it started raining. (Kegunaan 1)&lt;br /&gt;Mary said she had never been swimming so much in one day. (Kegunaan 2b)&lt;br /&gt;Kathy put on weight because she had been eating too much sugar (Kegunaan 1)&lt;br /&gt;When I saw him I knew that he had been training. (Kegunaan 1)&lt;br /&gt;Bentuk bertanya memiliki pola sebagai berikut:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Had + Subjek + been + verb+ing. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;For how many hours had Fred been painting the house when the ladder fell?&lt;br /&gt;How long had the player been playing before he scored?&lt;br /&gt;Untuk bentuk negatif kita tambahkan not. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He said he wasn’t tired because he hadn’t been working that day. (Kegunaan 2b)&lt;br /&gt;If it hadn’t been raining, we would have played football. (Kegunaan 2a)&lt;br /&gt;Had I not been studying all night, I would have problems with this test now. (Kegunaan 2a)&lt;br /&gt;Perbedaan Past Perfect dan Past Perfect Continuous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Past Perfect menekankan selesainya (atau hasil tindakan lengkap) sedangkan Past Perfect Continuous menekankan durasi atau aktivitas sebuah tindakan. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;By the time we arrived, he had left the house. (Past Perfect)&lt;br /&gt;By the time we arrived, he had been playing poker with his friends for 2 hours. (Continuous)&lt;br /&gt;Perbedaan Present Perfect Continuous dan Past Perfect Continuous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Past Perfect Continuous, berbeda dengan Present Continuous, tidak pernah menyatakan tindakan-tindakan yang berlanjut sampai sekarang.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He has been playing for two hours. (Dia masih sedang bermain atau baru saja berhenti.)&lt;br /&gt;He had been playing for two hours when I arrived. (Dia tidak sedang bermain bola sekarang.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Present Perfect Continuous&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kita menggunakan Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) untuk menyatakan tindakan-tindakan yang bermula di masa lampau dan terus berlanjut di masa sekarang.Tensis ini juga digunakan untuk membicarakan tentang tindakan-tindakan yang bermula di masa lampau dan baru saja telah berakhir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kegunaan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menyatakan tindakan-tindakan yang bermula di masa lampau dan terus berlanjut di masa sekarang&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menyatakan tindakan-tindakan yang belum lama ini diselesaikan&lt;br /&gt;Since dan For&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Science dan for merupakan ekspresi waktu sangat umum yang digunakan bersama dengan Present Perfect Continuous. Kita menggunakan for dengan sebuah periode waktu. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have been living here for 20 years.&lt;br /&gt;Ketika berbicara tentang sebuah titik permulaan, kita menggunakan sincedengan sebuah titik dalam waktu.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have been living here since 1960.&lt;br /&gt;Perlu diperhatikan bahwa dalam Present Perfect Continuous anda tidak dapat menggunakan ekspresi waktu seperti:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;two months ago&lt;br /&gt;one year ago&lt;br /&gt;last week&lt;br /&gt;yesterday&lt;br /&gt;when I was five years old&lt;br /&gt;Ekspresi waktu diatas tidak dapat digunakan karena ekspresi-ekspresi waktu ini merinci secara akurat kapan sesuatu terjadi. Akan tetapi, anda bisa menggunakan ekspresi waktu seperti:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;already&lt;br /&gt;yet&lt;br /&gt;before&lt;br /&gt;never&lt;br /&gt;recently&lt;br /&gt;at last&lt;br /&gt;ever&lt;br /&gt;just&lt;br /&gt;lately&lt;br /&gt;Perbedaan Present Perfect dan Present Prefect Continuous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada kebanyakan kasus, kedua tenses ini dapat digunakan pada konteks yang sama. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have lived in Los Angeles since 1985.&lt;br /&gt;I have been living in Los Angeles since 1985.&lt;br /&gt;Ada beberapa situasi dimana penggunaan salah satu tenses ini lebih baik dari tenses lainnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menekankan durasi sebuah tindakan, gunakan Present Perfect Continuous&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I’ve been trading cars for 10 years.&lt;br /&gt;Untuk menekankan hasil sebuah tindakan, gunakan bentuk Present Perfect&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;He has just came back from work.&lt;br /&gt;I have finished my workout.&lt;br /&gt;I’ve bought a new car.&lt;br /&gt;Tip: Ada beberapa kata yang memberikan indikasi tenses mana yang harus digunakan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contoh sederhana “never” dan “ever” mengindikasikan penggunaan present perfect&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kimberly has never had an accident.&lt;br /&gt;Have you ever seen an alien?&lt;br /&gt;“how long”, “since” dan “for” mengindikasikan penggunaan Present Perfect Continuous.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How long have you been staring at this car?&lt;br /&gt;I have been fishing for 2 hours.&lt;br /&gt;Bentuk&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Present Perfect Continuous terdiri dari sebuah subjek, sebuah kata kerja -ingdan dua kata kerja bantu (”been” dan “have”).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Subject + has/have + been + verb+ing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She has been crying in her room for half an hour now&lt;br /&gt;We‘ve been waiting for a good offer to buy a car since March&lt;br /&gt;I‘ve been waiting for you to come (but now you’re back!)&lt;br /&gt;Untuk bentuk negatif ditambahkan not. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I haven’t been sleeping very well recently&lt;br /&gt;I haven’t been waiting for 50 minutes&lt;br /&gt;John hasn’t been using his A drive for a long time&lt;br /&gt;Untuk bentuk bertanya kita menukar posisi have/has dengan subjek. Contoh:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Have you been running?&lt;br /&gt;Has Tom been walking the dog?&lt;br /&gt;How long have you been learning English?&lt;br /&gt;What have you been doing there?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-6452228980319036739?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/6452228980319036739/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/tesis.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/6452228980319036739'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/6452228980319036739'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/tesis.html' title='TESIS'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-936922304476089023</id><published>2009-11-19T03:53:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-19T03:54:36.546-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='jaringan komputer'/><title type='text'>TDM,FDM,CDM</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Pengertian Multiplexing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sebelum kita membahas lebih lanjut mengenai Frequency Division Multiplexing ada baiknya kita membahas apa itu multiplexing.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Multiplexing&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;adalah teknik menggabungkan beberapa sinyal secara bersamaan pada suatu saluran transmisi. Di sisi penerima, pemisahan gabungan sinyal tersebut sesuai dengan tujuan masing-masing disebut&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Demultiplexing.&lt;/em&gt;Dalam multiplexing, perangkat yang memalukan multiplexing disebut&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Multiplexer&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;atau disebut juga dengan istilah&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;Transceiver/Mux&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Receiver&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;atau&amp;nbsp; perangkat yang melakukan Demultiplexing disebut dengan&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Demultiplexer&lt;/em&gt;&amp;nbsp;atau disebut juga dengan istilah&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;Demux&lt;/em&gt;.&amp;nbsp;Multiplexer mengkombinasikan (me-multiplex) data dari n input dan mentransmisi melalui kapasitas data link yang tinggi. Demultiplexer menerima aliran data yang di-multiplex (pemisahan (demultiplex) dari data tersebut tergantung pada saluran) dan mengirimnya ke line output yang diminta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Jenis-Jenis Multiplexing&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) adalah teknik menggabungkan banyak saluran input menjadi sebuah saluran output berdasarkan frekuensi. Jadi total bandwith dari keseluruhan saluran dibagi menjadi sub-sub saluran oleh frekuensi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;sistem FDM, umumnya terdiri dari 2 peralatan terminal dan penguat ulang saluran transmisi (repeater transmission line):&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;Peralatan Terminal (Terminal Equipment) Peralatan terminal terdiri dari bagian yang mengirimkan sinyal frekuensi ke repeater dan bagian penerima yang menerima sinyal tersebut dan mengubahnya kembali menjadi frekuensi semula.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Peralatan Penguat Ulang (Repeater Equipment) Repeater equipment terdiri dari penguat (amplifier) dan equalizer yang fungsinya masing-masing untuk mengkompensir redaman dan kecacatan redaman (attenuation distortion), sewaktu transmisi melewati saluran melewati saluran antara kedua repeater masing-masing.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Contoh Penggunaan FDM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pada penyiaran radio yang menggunakan gelombang FM, frekuensi mulai dari 88 MHz s/d 108 MHz digunakan untuk penyiaran radio FM komersil. Frekuensi 88-108 MHz dibagi ke sub-band 200 KHz. Bandwidth dengan frekuensi 200 KHz sudah mencukupi untuk penyiaran radio FM dengan kualitas yang tinggi. Stasiun radio dapat dikenali dengan frekuensi pusat dari saluran masing-masing (ex: 91.5 MHz, 103.7 MHz). Sistem ini dapat memungkinkan pendengar radio mendengar sekitar 100 stasiun radio yang berlainan. Contoh lain dari penggunaan FDM: pada jaringan telepon analog dan jaringan satelit analog. Selain itu ide dasar FDM digunakan dalam teknologi saluran pelanggan digital yang dikenal dengan modem ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subcriber Loop ).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Kelebihan &amp;amp; Kekurangan FDM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kelebihan:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;FDM tidak sensitif terhadap perambatan /perkembangan keterlambatan. Tehnik persamaan saluran (channel equalization) yang diperlukan untuk sistem FDM tidak sekompleks seperti yang digunakan pada sistem TDM.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;Kekurangan:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Adanya kebutuhan untuk memfilter bandpass,&amp;nbsp; yang harganya relatif mahal dan rumit untuk dibangun (penggunaan filter tersebut biasanya digunakan dalam transmitter dan receiver)&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Penguat tenaga (power amplifier) di transmitter yang digunakan memiliki karakteristik nonlinear (penguat linear lebih komplek untuk dibuat), dan amplifikasi nonlinear mengarah kepada pembuatan komponen spektral out-of-band yang dapat mengganggu saluran FDM yang lain.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Skema FDM yang memanfaatkan metode modulasi multi-carrier digital&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Membagi frekuensi menjadi beberapa sub-carrier yang saling orthogonal untuk menghilangkan bidang penghalang&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Keunggulan utama dari OFDM adalah efisiensi spektrum yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tehnik multicarrier konvensional&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;(Hazy, 1997) Pemakaian OFDM mampu menghemat bandwidth hingga 50%&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Penggunaan OFDM&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) di Eropa&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;ADSL – OFDM menjadi basis untuk standar global ADSL&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;WLAN – sedang dikembangkan teknologi point-to-point atau point-to-multipoint menggunakan teknologi OFDM&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Dalam teknologi komunikasi fiber optik, WDM adalah teknologi yang me-multiplex banyak sinyal pembawa optik di satu saluran fiber optik dengan menggunakan panjang gelombang (warna) dari cahaya laser untuk membawa sinyal yang berbeda&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Istilah WDM digunakan di pembawa optik, yang mana FDM digunakan di pembawa radio&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; color: black; font-family: Arial; white-space: pre;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;TDMA (TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS)&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;PENGERTIAN&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;Merupakan transmisi teknologi digital yang memungkinkan sejumlah user untuk mengakses sebuah channel frekuensi radio tanpa interferensi dengan cara mengalokasikan slot waktu yang unik bagi tiap user dalam setiap channel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 14pt;"&gt;Latar Belakang&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Industri wireless mulai mengubah jaringan analog ke jaringan digital dengan tujuan meningkatkan kapasitas pada era 80-an. Pada 1989, Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association (CTIA) lebih memilih standarisasi narrowband TDMA daripada Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) (disebut juga Narrowband Analog Mobile-Phone Service [NAMPS]) milik Motorola sebagai pilihan teknologi untuk frekuensi 800-MHz yang telah ada dan frekuensi 1.9-GHz yang akan digunakan.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Dua sistem besar yang membagi RF(Radio Frequency) adalah TDMA dan CDMA.&amp;nbsp;TDMA dirancang untuk digunakan dalam berbagai cakupan lingkungan dan situasi, mulai dari penggunaan mesin portable di pusat perkantoran sampai pengguna aktif yang melakukan perjalanan dalam kecepatan tinggi. Sistem ini juga mendukung berbagai layanan bagi pengguna, seperti: suara, data, fax, SMS serta Broadcast Message. TDMA menawarkan interface angkasa yang fleksibel, menyediakan layanan dengan performa tinggi yang menghasilkan kapasitas, cakupan serta dukungan tak terbatas pada mobilitas dan kemampuan untuk menangani berbagai kebutuhan pengguna yang berbeda.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Karena telah diadopsi oleh GSM, Japanese Digital Cellular (JDC) dan North American Digital Cellular (NADC), TDMA dan variannya merupakan teknologi yang paling banyak dipilih di seluruh dunia.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: medium;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 16px;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span id="more-145"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 14pt;"&gt;Cara Kerja TDMA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;TDMA bergantung pada sinyal audio yang telah didigitalisasi yang kemudian dibagi menjadi sejumlah paket berukuran milidetik. TDMA mengalokasikan sebuah channel frekuensi untuk waktu yang singkat dan kemudian dipindahkan ke channel lain. Sampel digital dari sebuah transmitter menempati slot waktu yang berbeda dalam beberapa band dalam waktu yang sama.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Keuntungan TDMA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Meningkatkan efisiensi transmisi.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;Dapat dengan mudah diadaptasi pada transmisi data sebagaimana pada transmisi suara.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;User tidak akan mengalami interferensi selama transmisi.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;Memperpanjang masa pakai baterai dan talktime.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;Menghemat biaya peralatan, ruang dan pemeliharaan.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Teknologi paling cost-effective untuk mengupgrade sistem analog yang ada ke digital.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Layanannya compatible untuk ponsel dual-mode.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt;"&gt;Kerugian TDMA&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Pemborosan bandwidth.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;User telah memiliki slot waktu yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li class="MsoNormal"&gt;Multipath distortion.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-936922304476089023?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/936922304476089023/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/tdmfdmcdm.html#comment-form' title='3 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/936922304476089023'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/936922304476089023'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/tdmfdmcdm.html' title='TDM,FDM,CDM'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-1257525366680120911</id><published>2009-11-19T03:14:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-19T03:16:30.238-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='jaringan komputer'/><title type='text'>FRAME RELAY</title><content type='html'>Pada bagian ini akan dibahas pengetahuan tambahan tentang Frame Relay, serta perkembangannya sampai saat ini yang nampaknya agak spektakuler, yakni kemampuannya untuk menangani lalu lintas komunikasi suara (telepon), serta berantarkerja (interworking) dengan jaringan ATM (mode transfer asinkron), suatu hal yang tidak terbayangkan sebelumnya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cara Kerja Frame Relay&lt;br /&gt;Frame Relay merupakan suatu layanan data paket yang memungkinkan beberapa pengguna menggunakan satu jalur transmisi pada waktu yang bersamaan. Untuk lalu lintas komunikasi yang padat, Frame Relay jauh lebih efisien daripada sirkit sewa (leased line) yang disediakan khusus untuk satu pelanggan (dedicated), yang umumnya hanya terpakai 10% sampai 20% dari kapasitas lebar pita (bandwidth)-nya. Dalam teknik telekomunikasi, penyakelaran paket (packet switching) dikembangkan untuk memenuhi komunikasi data yang sifatnya cepat dan akurat. Sebuah paket dapat digambarkan seperti sebuah amplop atau sampul surat tercatat, mempunyai alamat tujuan, alamat pengirim atau alamat kembali jika kiriman tidak sampai dan tentu saja isi pesannya atau beritanya sebagai hal yang pokok.&lt;br /&gt;Dalam paket yang berisi data elektronik, masih dilengkapi dengan deteksi kesalahan, ada pula konfirmasi dari si penerima dalam bentuk kode yang dikirim kembali ke pengirim, apakah paket dapat diterima secara utuh. Pada paket data ini ada istilah frame (bingkai) yakni yang menyatakan batas bingkai sebuah paket. Batas frame ditandai dengan flag. Demikianlah sehingga data dibawa sepanjang jalur komunikasi dalam bentuk frame-frame.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ARSITEKTUR FRAME RELAY&lt;br /&gt;Inti dari FRS adalah packet yang dikirimkan, disebut juga frame. Masing-masing frame memiliki header fix dan payload yang besarnya variabel. Limited error control pada frame relay(error detection link-by-link, error recovery end-to-end, no flow control). Flag Data link connection identifier (DLCI) (6 bits) C/R &amp;amp; EA (2 bits) DLCI extension (4 bits) Congestion information bits ( 3 bits) EA (1 bit) Payload (262 - 8000 bytes) Frame Check Sequnce Flag.&lt;br /&gt;Tidak seperti paket LAN, frame ini tidak mengandung alamta sumber atau tujuan. Ini karena sumber dan tujuan dispesifikasikan untuk koneksi saat waktu instalasi (untuk PVC) atau selama call setup (untuk SVC). Dalam kedua kasus, hasilnya adalah DLCI yang mengidentifikasikan VC yang diasosiasikan dengan koneksi. Frame Check Sequence dihitung ketika frame dibuat, dan diinjeksikan ke network interface. FCS ini di cek setiap hop di jaringan FRS dan jika dideteksi kesalahan maka Frame tersebut dibuang. Inti dari FRS adalah packet yang dikirimkan, disebut juga frame. Masing-masing frame memiliki header fix dan payload yang besarnya variabel.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Interkoneksi LAN menggunakan Frame Relay Service&lt;br /&gt;FRS memiliki banyak kegunaan untuk teknologi interkoneksi LAN. Pertama, keuntungan tradisional dari packet switching pada FRS, koneksi fisik jaringan tunggal memotong pembiayaan hardware dan jalur, bandwidth on-demand mensupport pola traffic yang bursty, dan proses charges hanya terjadi saat proses transfer data. Kedua, Frame informasi yang besarnya variabel dapat mengakomodasi berbagai jenis embedded paket LAN, seperti tampak pada gambar di bawah. Ini merupakan keuntungan dari FRS yang bisa digunakan sebagai bridges atau router.&lt;br /&gt;Keuntungan lainnya ialah FRS tidak sensitif terhadap jarak, sehingga cocok untuk koneksi metropolitan. Sepanjang semua node termasuk ke dalam satu cloud, tidak ada inter-exchange carriers dimasukkan ke dalam biaya jalur dan biayanya murni tergantung pada bandwidth. Pertimbangan primer pemesanan FRS adalah payload maksimum dan harga CIR/CBS. Harus diyakinkan bahwa maksimum payload yang disupport dapat mengakomodasi paket terbesar pada jaringan LAN yang ingin dikoneksikan.&lt;br /&gt;CIR harus dipilih dengan harga yang sudah ditoleransi dengan suatu margin tertentu, setelah dilakukan pengukuran kecepatan traffic koneksi. Jadi, jika rata-rata aliran traffic 220 kbps, CIR bisa dipiih 256 kbps yang akan mencegah penolakan karena congestion traffic yang biasanya melebihi harga rata-rata ini. CBS bisa dipilih untuk harga konservatif, jika dilakukan pengukuran yang menghasilkan burst maksimum 900 kilo bits pada dua hingga tiga detik interval, harga CBS bisa dipilih 1000 kilo bits yang akan meyakinkan bahwa perubahan traffic tidak menimbulkan congestion pada traffic. Servis transport lokal - channel yang menghubungkan interface jaringan dengan FRS switch - harus dipilih yang bisa memenuhi perpindahan carrier lokal (local exchange carrier). Link digital harus cukup kapasitasnya untuk menangani maksimum traffic.&lt;br /&gt;Layanan PASOPATI yang pernah ditawarkan oleh penyedia jasa telekomunikasi di Indonesia beberapa waktu yang lalu ternyata kurang mendapat tanggapan dari pengguna jasa di Indonesia. ISDN berbasis 64 kbps ini (sering disebut sebagai N-ISDN)&amp;nbsp;ternyata hanya dapat memberikan servis berupa (digital) telepon, data, telemetry, (digital) faksimile dan multimedia secara terbatas.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-1257525366680120911?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/1257525366680120911/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/frame-relay.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/1257525366680120911'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/1257525366680120911'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/frame-relay.html' title='FRAME RELAY'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-7485548060850821587</id><published>2009-11-19T03:08:00.001-08:00</published><updated>2009-11-19T03:16:30.241-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='jaringan komputer'/><title type='text'>Protokol X.25</title><content type='html'>Standar internasional untuk akses jaringan dengan penyakelaran paket (packet switching) yang pertama muncul adalah X.25, yang direkomendasikan oleh CCITT (sekarang ITU-T) pada tahun 1976. Frame Relay yang muncul setelah X.25 ternyata jauh lebih efektif daripada X.25, karena X.25 kerjanya menjadi lambat karena adanya koreksi dan deteksi kesalahan. Frame Relay memiliki sedikit perbedaan, ia mendefinisikan secara berulang header-nya pada bagian awal dari frame seperti terlihat pada Gambar 1d, sehingga dihasilkan header frame normal 2-byte. Header Frame Relay dapat juga diperluas menjadi 3-byte atau 4-byte untuk menambah ruang alamat total yang disediakan. Dalam gambar-gambar yang mengilustrasikan jaringan-jaringan Frame Relay, piranti-piranti pengguna ditunjukkan sebagai pengarah-pengarah LAN, karena hal tersebut merupakan aplikasi Frame Relay yang berlaku secara umum. Tentu saja mereka dapat juga merupakan jembatan-jembatan LAN, Host atau front-end processor atau piranti lainnya dengan sebuah antarmuka Frame Relay.&lt;br /&gt;Header Frame Relay terdiri dari deretan angka sepuluh bit, DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier) merupakan nomor rangkaian virtual Frame Relay yang berkaitan dengan arah tujuan frame tersebut. Dalam hal hubungan antar kerja LAN-WAN, DLCI ini akan menunjukkan port-port yang merupakan LAN pada sisi tujuan yang akan dicapai. Adanya DLCI tersebut memungkinkan data mencapai simpul (node) Frame Relay yang akan dikirimi melalui jaringan dengan menempuh proses tiga langkah yang sederhana yakni:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;• Memeriksa integritas dari frame-nya dengan menggunakan FCS (Frame Check Sequence). Jika melalui pemeriksaan ini diketahui adanya suatu kesalahan, frame tersebut akan dibuang.&lt;br /&gt;• Mencari DLCI dalam suatu tabel. Jika DLCI tersebut tidak didefinisikan untuk link (hubungan) yang dimaksud, frame akan dibuang.&lt;br /&gt;• Mengirim ulang (disebut mrelay) frame tersebut menuju tujuannya dengan mengirimnya ke luar, ke port atau trunk (jalur) yang telah dispesifikasikan dalam daftar tabelnya.Dengan demikian, simpul Frame Relay tidak melakukan banyak langkah pemrosesan sebagaimana halnya dalam protokol-protokol yang mempunyai keistimewaan penuh seperti X.25.Membandingkan kesederhanaan Frame Relay dengan pemrosesan pada X.25 yang lebih kompleks.&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;Demi praktisnya gambar tersebut mencerminkan jalur dari suatu paket data yang sudah valid. Deskripsi yang menunjukkan pemrosesan langkah-langkah untuk error recovery (pemulihan akibat adanya kesalahan) dan frame non-informasi untuk X.25 akan jauh lebih rumit. Rangkaian-rangkaian pada Frame Relay merupakan rangkaian Virtual Circuit (VC). VC ini diatur sejak awal secara administratif baik oleh operator jaringan melalui sistem manajemen jaringan ( disebut PVC (permanent virtual circuit), maupun melalui suatu basis call-by-call dalam aliran data normal dengan menggunakan suatu perintah dari pengguna jaringannya (disebut SVC (switched virtual circuit). Untuk X.25, metode normal penciptaan panggilan (call set-up) adalah dengan SVC. Karena VC pada Frame Relay pada umumnya menentukan atau mendefinisikan suatu hubungan antara dua LAN. Sebuah VC baru tentu dibutuhkan jika akan memasang sebuah LAN yang baru ke jaringan tersebut, yang dapat di-set-up melalui PVC atau SVC.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;FORMAT PAKET X.25&lt;br /&gt;Untuk virtual circuit yang menggunakan nomor urut 15 bit, header dimulai oleh&lt;br /&gt;oktet identifikasi protokol dengan pola 00110000&lt;br /&gt;Header selalu berisi nomor virtual circuit 12 bit:&lt;br /&gt;• Nomor grup 4 bit&lt;br /&gt;• Nomor kanal 8 bit&lt;br /&gt;P(S) adalah nomor urut paket, P® adalah nomor urut ACK, bit Q tidak&lt;br /&gt;didefinisikan dalam standar X25 (cadangan)&lt;br /&gt;Data/informasi kontrol dikirimkan dengan format khusus; digunakan untuk&lt;br /&gt;pembangunan, pemeliharaan, dan pemutusan hubungan virtual circuit&lt;br /&gt;Sebagai contoh, paket Call Request meliputi field tambahan:&lt;br /&gt;• Panjang alamat DTE sumber (4 bit)&lt;br /&gt;• Panjang alamat DTE tujuan (4 bit)&lt;br /&gt;• Alamat-alamat DTE (variabel) alamat lengkap DTE sumber dan tujuan&lt;br /&gt;• Fasilitas lain&lt;br /&gt;terdiri atas kode fasilitas 8-bit dan kode parameter 8-bit&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-7485548060850821587?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/7485548060850821587/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/protokol-x25.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/7485548060850821587'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/7485548060850821587'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/protokol-x25.html' title='Protokol X.25'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-7552807839658926673</id><published>2009-11-01T01:06:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-19T03:17:35.188-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='jaringan komputer'/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div&gt;Beberapa Bentuk Ancaman Jaringan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Sniffer&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Peralatan yang dapat memonitor proses yang sedang berlangsung&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Spoofing&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Penggunaan komputer untuk meniru (dengan cara menimpaidentitas atau alamat IP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Remote Attack&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Segala bentuk seranganter hadap suatu mesin dimana penyerangnya tidak memiliki kendali terhadap mesin tersebut karena dilakukan dari jarak jauh di luar sistem jaringan atau media transmisi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Hole&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kondisi dari software atau hardware yang bisa diakses oleh pemakai yang tidak memiliki otoritas atau meningkatnya tingkat pengaksesan tanpa melalui prosesotorisasi&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Phreaking&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Perilaku menjadikan sistem pengamanan telepon melemah&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Hacker&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;–Orang yang  secaradiam-diam mempelajari sistem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;yang biasany asukar dimengerti untuk kemudian&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;mengelolanya dan men-share hasil uji coba yang&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dilakukannya.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;–Hacker tidak merusaksistem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Craker&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;–Orang yang secara diam-diam mempelajari sistem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dengan maksud jahat&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;–Muncul karena sifat dasar manusia yang selalu ingin&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;membangun(salah satunya merusak)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cracker&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;– Ciri-ciri cracker :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Bisa membuat program C, C++  ataupearl&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Memiliki pengetahuan TCP/IP&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Menggunakan internet lebih dari 50 jam per-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;bulan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Menguasai sistem operasi UNIX  atau VMS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Suka mengoleksi software atau hardware lama&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Terhubung ke internet untuk menjalankan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;aksinya&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;•Melakukan aksinya pada malam hari, dengan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;alasan waktu yang  memungkinkan, jalur&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;komunikasi tidak padat, tidak mudah diketahui&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;oranglain&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Penyebab cracker melakukan penyerangan:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• spite, kecewa, balas dendam&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• sport, petualangan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• profit, mencari keuntungan dari imbalan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;orang lain&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• stupidity, mencari perhatian&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• cruriosity, mencari perhatian&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• politics, alasan politis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ciri-cir itarget  yang dibobol cracker :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• Sulit ditentukan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• Biasanya organisasi besar dan financial dengan sistem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pengamanan yang canggih&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• Bila yang dibobol jaringan kecil biasanya sistem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;pengamanannya lemah, dan pemiliknya baru dalam bidang internet&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;– Ciri-ciri target yang “berhasil” dibobolcracker :&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• Pengguna bisa mengakses, bisa masuk kejaringan tanpa&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;“nama”dan“password”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• Pengganggu bisa mengakses, merusak, mengubah atau&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;sejenisnya terhadap data&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• Pengganggu bisa mengambil alih kendali sistem&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;• Sistem hang, gagal bekerja, reboot atau sistem berada&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;dalam kondisi tidak dapat dioperasikan&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-7552807839658926673?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/7552807839658926673/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/beberapa-bentuk-ancaman-jaringan.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/7552807839658926673'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/7552807839658926673'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/11/beberapa-bentuk-ancaman-jaringan.html' title=''/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-6680709180831667246</id><published>2009-10-14T01:13:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-19T03:18:01.209-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='jaringan komputer'/><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;IMPLEMENTASI PENGGUNAAN DAN&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;PEMANFAATAN VIDEO CONFERENCE PADA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;PERGURUAN TINGGI NEGERI DI INDONESIA&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;I. PEMBAHASAN &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; 1.1 Video Conference &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;            Video conference yang juga dikenal dengan video teleconference adalah suatu teknologi telekomunikasi interaktif yang memungkinkan dua lokasi atau lebih untuk berinteraksi lewat video dan audio secara simultan. Video conference berbeda dengan videophone yang memang di desain untuk melayani video antar dua orang secara individu. Teknologi utama yang digunakan dalam sistem video conference adalah kompresi digital dari suara dan video stream yang real time. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Teknologi video conference tidak lepas dari kemajuan teknologi kompresi audio dan video. Dengan banyaknya teknik kompresi yang ada saat ini memungkinkan audio dan video dapat dikirim secara bersamaan dalam jaringan dengan bandwidth yang seefisien mungkin dan dengan kualitas yang dapat diterima. Hardware atau software yang melakukan fungsi kompresi disebut dengan codec(coder/decoder). Codec merupakan singkatan dari compresi-decompresi yang merupakan proses pembungkusan suara ataupun video analog menjadi data digital dengan metoda tertentu sehinggga pengiriman suara atau video dapat dilakukan dalam bentuk paket-paket data. Codec dapat melewatkan suara atau video dalam jaringan IP dengan bandwidth yang kecil dan kualitas yang masih dapat diterima&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Beberapa contoh standar codec yang sering digunakan dalam komunikasi &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;diantaranya:  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1. Untuk Audio &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;            G.711 ulaw / alaw, G.729,GSM, G.723, dll.  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;2. Untuk Video  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;            H.261, H.263, H.264, dll. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Layanan Video Conference bersifat seketika dengan resolusi yang baik dan interaktif. Pada jaringan digital, pengiriman suara membutuhkan kecepatan sekitar 64 Kbps dan pengiriman video membutuhkan kecepatan 1,5-2 Mbps. Untuk layanan video conference secara keseluruhan akan dibutuhkan kecepatan pengiriman sekitar 9,2 Mbps. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Komponen – komponen yang dibutuhkan untuk sebuah sistem video conference di antaranya :  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.   Hardware &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;- Video input : camera video atau webcam  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;- Video output : monitor computer atau proyektor  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;-  Audio input : microphones  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;- Audio output : speaker atau headphone  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;- Media transfer data : LAN atau Internet  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;2.   Software &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Salah satu jenis contoh software adalah Access Grid dan yang terbaru dari software tersebut adalah Access Grid 3.2 beta&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Video Conference  mempunyai beberapa jenis, antara lain: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.   Distributed Video Conference  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;            Adalah suatu sistem video conference yang terdiri dari beberapa client yang melakukan konferensi secara langsung antar client yang saling berhubungan tanpa melalui sentral / control unit sebagai pengatur. Server disini berfungsi untuk proses call setup dan handshaking. Keuntungannya video dan audio yang dikirimkan mempunyai kualitas yang bagus karena tanpa direlay ke control unit dahulu. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" preferrelative="t" spt="75" stroked="f"&gt;  &lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;  &lt;v:formulas&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;   &lt;v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"&gt;  &lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;  &lt;v:path connecttype="rect" extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t"&gt;  &lt;o:lock aspectratio="t" ext="edit"&gt; &lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape id="Picture_x0020_80" spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 165pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 270.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FARHAN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.png" title=""&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Gambar 1. Distributed Video Conference&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;2.   Centralized Video Conference  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Adalah suatu sistem video conference yang melibatkan beberapa client dengan satu MCU (Multiparty Control Unit) untuk memfasilitasi konferensi tersebut. MCU disini berfungsi sebagai pengatur dan pengendali yang melaksanakan proses seperti audio mixing, video switching dan mixing serta distribusi data dalam konferensi multipoint dan mengirimkan kembali datanya ke terminal yang berpartisipasi. MCU juga menyediakan pertukaran antara codec yang berbeda dan mungkin menggunakan multicast untuk mendistribusikan video yang telah diproses&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;v:shape id="Picture_x0020_81" spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 156.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 340.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FARHAN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" title=""&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Dari jenis tersebut, maka video confererence pada perguruan tinggi negeri di Indonesia adalah Centralized Video Conference. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.2 Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Video Conference pada Perguruan Tinggi Negeri di Indonesia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; a.  Kelebihan Video Conference &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.  Pertemuan-pertemuan yang dilakukan, seperti kuliah umum dengan dosen/bernarasumber internasional atau seminar dari satu negara dengan negara lain dapat secara online sehingga akan menghemat biaya dan waktu. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;2.  Informasi dan pengetahuan dapat berkembang dengan melakukan pertemuan atau diskusi dengan PT terbaik dalam negeri maupun  luar negeri &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;3.  Tatap muka jarak jauh menjadi terasa lebih nyata &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;4.  Sebagai pendukung program e-learning PT &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;5.  PT dapat saling berbagi resource &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;b.  Kekurangan Video Conference &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.  E-learning yang dilakukan akan kurang efektif dengan bantuan video conference, karena kurang nyata dan belajar itu perlu pemahaman langsung.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;2.  Bahasa sebagai alat komunikasi yang dimiliki oleh PTN dalam  negeri berbeda dengan PT luar negeri  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.3 Alasan Memilih Penggunaan dan Pemanfaatan Video Conference daripada dengan via Konvensional pada Perguruan Tinggi Negeri di Indonesia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; Seperti yang telah kita ketahui bahwa banyak manfaat dari pemilihan video conference. Dengan video conference akan mendukung mobilitas dari para pengguna, perbedaan tempat tidak menjadi masalah. Video conference yang digunakan oleh perguruan tinggi negeri akan menghemat waktu yang di mana para dosen tidak perlu datang ke kampus apabila mengajar, mempermudah pertemuan beda negara dalam kuliah umum, diskusi, maupun seminar-seminar, dan akan memberikan informasi dan pengetahuan terbaru. Sedangkan apabila dengan via konvensial, pengadaan kuliah umum beda negara akan sangat tidak mungkin, apabila mugkin terjadi juga akan menelan biaya yang besar, selain itu juga akan menghabiskan waktu. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.4 Implementasi Video Conference pada Perguruan Tinggi Negeri di Indonesia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; Perguruan Tinggi Negeri di Indonesia telah berada di suatu jaringan komputer  yang disediakan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tinggi (Dikti) Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia atas rumusan rancangan bersama dari Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), Universitas Indonesia (UI), Universitas Gajah Mada (UGM) dan Institut Teknologi Surabaya (ITS). Kemudian setelah dilaksanakan tender, maka terpilih PT Telkom sebagai penyedia infrastruktur jaringan, serta PT Multipolar sebagai Partner dari Cisco System yang menyediakan perangkat jaringan. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Jaringan yang dibuat adalah sebuah jaringan backbone yang menyambungkan 32 perguruan tinggi negeri yang ada di masing-masing propinsi di seluruh Indonesia pada tahun 2006 yang dinamakan INHERENT (Indonesia Higher Education Network) yang tujuan dan fungsi utama jaringan ini adalah untuk meningkatkan mutu pendidikan tinggi di Indonesia melalui pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (TIK) untuk menunjang kegiatan tridarma serta pengelolaan perguruan tinggi. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Jaringan ini terdiri dari backbone fiber optik STM-1 berkecepatan 155 Mbps untuk interkoneksi antara universitas di pulau Jawa, serta backbone leased channel berkecepatan 8 Mbps untuk universitas di pulau Sumatera, Kalimantan, Sulawesi serta Bali dan Nusa Tenggara. Universitas di daerah Indonesia Timur mendapatkan akses satelit dari Jakarta dengan kecepatan 2 Mbps. Diagram jaringan dapat dilihat pada Gambar 3. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;v:shape id="Picture_x0020_82" spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 245.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 387.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75"&gt;  &lt;v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\FARHAN~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" title=""&gt; &lt;/v:imagedata&gt;&lt;/v:shape&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Gambar 3. Diagram Jaringan INHERENT&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Salah satu fasilitasnya adalah membantu dalam implementasi video conference antar perguruan tinggi misalnya dimanfaatkan untuk keperluan pembelajaran jarak jauh (distance learning), khususnya berbasis TIK (e-learning). Slogan INHERENT adalah open access, open content dan opensource. Video conference memuat 3 elemen itu secara langsung. Open access: setiap perguruan tinggi yang punya koneksi, bisa daftar untuk berpartisipasi. Open content: diskusi video conference terbuka untuk dilihat siapa saja yang berminat. Opensource: siapa saja boleh merekam, mengolah dan menyebarluaskan tayangan video conference. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Peralatan yang digunakan dalam fasilitas Video Conference pada jaringan INHERENT bagi PT adalah: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.  Video Conference End-Point &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Diutamakan koneksi IP (tidak perlu ISDN), conference koneksi 4-6 node &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Spesifikasi kamera: Pan Tilt Zoom harus bagus! &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Spesifikasi koneksi/signaling: H323/SIP support bandwidth  64 kbps-1Mbps &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Auto NAT H.460.18, H.460.19 Firewall Traversal &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Spesifikasi Video: H263/H264, baiknya support 16:9 (untuk widescreen) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Contohnya:  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Alat Vicon: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Contoh : Polycom FSX 7000, Tandberg 550 MPX, Sony PCS-1, dll &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Penting harusnya sudah termasuk: &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;            People+Content (Visual Concert, istilah Polycom) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Perlengkapan: Wide Screen LCD Monitor atau LCD projector  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;  Video Camera  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Renovasi ruang &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;2.  PC Desktop &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Support Linux, prosesor minimal setara Intel Core 2 Duo atau yang &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;              setara; disarankan 64 bit &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Memory minimal 512M &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;  • Hardisk minimal 80 G &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• DVD RW &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Ethernet card 10/100/1000 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Video: 3D Accelerator (Intel, nVidia, dsb.) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Monitor 17” LCD &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;3.  PC Notebook &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Support Linux &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Berat maksimum 2 kg &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Memory minimal 512M &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Hardisk minimal 60G &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• VGA: Support 3D accelerator &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Networking: Wi-Fi ready, EtherNET Card 10/100 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Serial port (untuk console maintenance) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;4.  Server &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Prosesor: minimal Intel Xeon 64 bit atau yang setara &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Memory: minimal 2 G &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Hardisk: SCSI/SAS aplikasi banyak transaksi, SATA &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;              Aplikasi storage besar &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Lan: 10/100/1000 &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;• Disarankan rackmount &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Contoh implementasi penggunaan dan pemanfaatan dari video conference perguruan-perguruan tinggi negeri dengan menggunakan jaringan INHERENT adalah:  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.  Video Conference Seminar, contohnya: Seminar Teknologi Grid Computing yang diselenggarakan oleh Sun Microsystem bekerjasama dengan Universitas Indonesia, disaksikan oleh empat universitas (ITB, Unibraw, UNDIP dan UGM).  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;2.  Aktivitas Video Conference untuk rapat antara Dikti dengan Universitas penerima Hibah K-1  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;3.  08 Mei 2007, Launching program CMDG dan GLAD yang dilakukan oleh ITB   11&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;4.  23-02-2009, 10:00-12:00: GDLN UI dan FE UI akan mengadakan kembali studium generale bidang manajemen dengan topik Marketing in Crisis, pembicara: Rhenald Kasali, PhD.  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;5.  25-02-2009, 15.00-16.00: Dikti bekerjasama dengan British Council akan mengadakan widya telewicara tentang perguruan tinggi di UK dalam 4  sesi. Sesi keempat adalah tentang pendidikan Tourism &amp;amp; Hospitality related &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;6.  14-10-2008, 09:00-12:00: UGM: Ekspose dan Diskusi Mengembangkan Kerja Sama Indonesia- Swedia dalam Pemanfaatan Limbah (Waste Refinery), program pemanfaatan limbah ini digagas oleh jurusan Teknik Kimia UGM bekerja sama dengan University of Boras dan Boras Municipality (Pemerintah Boras), Swedia &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;7.  25-07-2008, 14.00-18.00: UGM-ITB-GDLN: International Video Workshop on Brick Masonry Structure. Sebagai bagian dari kerjasama antara Building Research Institute, Tokyo, dengan beberapa negara: Nepal, Pakistan dan Indonesia (UGM dan ITB) &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt; &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Selain di atas, ada contoh implementasi penggunaan dan pemenfaatan video conference yang tidak menggunakan jaringan INHERENT yaitu pada Universitas Indonesia:  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;1.  Video-Conference ALSA Universitas Indonesia dengan ALSA Waseda University, Jepang  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Pendidikan hukum tingkat sarjana (S1) di FHUI telah memasuki ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi dengan penggunaan fasilitas Video Conference yang tersedia di Ruang Multimedia Soemadipradja &amp;amp; Taher. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Asian Law Student Association (ALSA) Komite Lokal Universitas Indonesia yang pertama kali menyelenggarakan Video Conference dengan ALSA Waseda University, Jepang.  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Kegiatan yang berupa seminar antar mahasiswa ini dilakukan pada tanggal 28 Juni 2007 yang membahas tema “Freedom of Religion”. Tema ini diangkat untuk mengetahui bagaimana praktek kebebasan beragama di kedua negara. Dengan demikian, dosen dan mahasiswa FHUI akan memiliki kualitas sebanding dengan dosen dan mahasiswa berbagai fakultas hukum di mancanegara.  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;2.  Video conference dengan University of California, Berkeley  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Pada hari Kamis, 8 November 2007, telah diadakan acara video conference dengan University of California, Berkeley. Acara ini berlangsung di ruang multimedia Soemadipradja &amp;amp; Taher mulai pukul 09.00 sampai 11.00 WIB. Acara ini merupakan kerjasama antara BEM FHUI dengan BSO ILMS. Dalam acara ini, peserta mendengarkan kuliah yang disampaikan oleh Prof. Andre T. Guzman mengenai topik yang diangkat dalam acara ini adalah Women’s Rights Under International Law atau Hak-hak Wanita Menurut Hukum Internasional. Prof. Andre T. Guzman adalah Profesor di bidang hukum yang saat ini mengajar di University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley).  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"&gt;Hal-hal yang dibahas adalah mengenai diskriminasi terhadap wanita yang banyak terjadi di dunia pada masa sekarang ini. Untuk menanggulangi hal tersebut, disusunlah suatu konvensi wanita yang bernama Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women. Konvensi ini bertujuan untuk melindungi segala hak wanita yang terdiskriminasikan.  &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-6680709180831667246?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/6680709180831667246/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/10/implementasi-penggunaan-dan-pemanfaatan.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/6680709180831667246'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/6680709180831667246'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/10/implementasi-penggunaan-dan-pemanfaatan.html' title=''/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-4790118870805986756</id><published>2009-10-09T05:25:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-19T03:15:59.095-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bahasa inggris'/><title type='text'>otHEr , aNOthER ...</title><content type='html'>The words &lt;b&gt;another&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;others&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;else&lt;/b&gt; are used to indicate one or more additional or different things.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Another&lt;/b&gt; is formed from a combination of the words &lt;b&gt;an&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt;, and has a meaning similar to &lt;b&gt;one other&lt;/b&gt;. When used as an adjective, &lt;b&gt;another&lt;/b&gt; can precede only a singular countable noun. When used as a pronoun, &lt;b&gt;another&lt;/b&gt; takes a singular verb.&lt;br /&gt;e.g. Please bring me &lt;b&gt;another&lt;/b&gt; knife.&lt;br /&gt;     &lt;b&gt;Another&lt;/b&gt; of her uncles &lt;u&gt;lives&lt;/u&gt; in Montreal.&lt;br /&gt;In the first example, &lt;b&gt;another&lt;/b&gt; modifies the singular noun &lt;b&gt;knife&lt;/b&gt;. In the second example, the pronoun &lt;b&gt;another&lt;/b&gt; is the subject of the singular verb &lt;b&gt;lives&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Other&lt;/b&gt; can be used with singular countable, plural countable or uncountable nouns.&lt;br /&gt;e.g. The &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; &lt;u&gt;door&lt;/u&gt; is open.&lt;br /&gt;     The &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; &lt;u&gt;streets&lt;/u&gt; are paved.&lt;br /&gt;     Do you have any &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; &lt;u&gt;luggage&lt;/u&gt;?&lt;br /&gt;In these examples, &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; modifies the singular countable noun &lt;b&gt;door&lt;/b&gt;, the plural countable noun &lt;b&gt;streets&lt;/b&gt;, and the uncountable noun &lt;b&gt;luggage&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Another&lt;/b&gt; usually &lt;u&gt;cannot&lt;/u&gt; be immediately preceded by a determiner. In contrast, when used before a singular countable noun, &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; usually &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; be preceded by a determiner.&lt;br /&gt;e.g. Please pass me &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; cup.&lt;br /&gt;     I do not know &lt;u&gt;any&lt;/u&gt; &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; way to do it.&lt;br /&gt;     There must be &lt;u&gt;some&lt;/u&gt; &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; explanation.&lt;br /&gt;In these examples, &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; is used with the singular countable nouns &lt;b&gt;cup&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;way&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;explanation&lt;/b&gt;, and is preceded by the determiners &lt;b&gt;the&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;any&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;some&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; modifies a singular countable noun, the noun is sometimes omitted, particularly in the expression &lt;b&gt;one ... the other&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;e.g. I have two pens. &lt;b&gt;One&lt;/b&gt; is green and the &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; is blue.&lt;br /&gt;     &lt;b&gt;One&lt;/b&gt; of my parents is a teacher; the &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; is a doctor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In these examples, the nouns following the word &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; are understood, rather than expressed. In the following sentences, the nouns which are understood are enclosed in square brackets.&lt;br /&gt;e.g. I have two pens. &lt;b&gt;One&lt;/b&gt; is green and the &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; [pen] is blue.&lt;br /&gt;     &lt;b&gt;One&lt;/b&gt; of my parents is a teacher; the &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt; [parent] is a doctor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="6ot"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Others&lt;/b&gt; is a pronoun. &lt;b&gt;Others&lt;/b&gt; can be used to take the place of the word &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt;, followed by a plural countable noun.&lt;br /&gt;e.g. Those trees are hemlocks; the &lt;b&gt;others&lt;/b&gt; are pines.&lt;br /&gt;     Ten people belong to the group, and five &lt;b&gt;others&lt;/b&gt; are planning to join.&lt;br /&gt;In the first example, &lt;b&gt;others&lt;/b&gt; takes the place of the words &lt;b&gt;other trees&lt;/b&gt;. In the second example, &lt;b&gt;others&lt;/b&gt; takes the place of the words &lt;b&gt;other people&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Others&lt;/b&gt; is often used in the expression &lt;b&gt;some ... others&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;e.g. &lt;b&gt;Some&lt;/b&gt; books are easy to read, but &lt;b&gt;others&lt;/b&gt; are quite difficult.&lt;br /&gt;     &lt;b&gt;Some&lt;/b&gt; people like classical music, while &lt;b&gt;others&lt;/b&gt; prefer jazz.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="6el"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The word &lt;b&gt;else&lt;/b&gt; has a meaning similar to &lt;b&gt;other&lt;/b&gt;. However, rather than being used as an adjective preceding a noun, &lt;b&gt;else&lt;/b&gt; usually follows interrogative pronouns such as &lt;b&gt;who&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;what&lt;/b&gt;, and indefinite pronouns such as &lt;b&gt;anyone&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;someone&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;e.g. Who &lt;b&gt;else&lt;/b&gt; was at the meeting?&lt;br /&gt;     What &lt;b&gt;else&lt;/b&gt; is on the agenda?&lt;br /&gt;     Has anyone &lt;b&gt;else&lt;/b&gt; solved the problem?&lt;br /&gt;     Someone &lt;b&gt;else&lt;/b&gt; may be able to help you.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-4790118870805986756?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/4790118870805986756/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/10/other-another.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/4790118870805986756'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/4790118870805986756'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/10/other-another.html' title='otHEr , aNOthER ...'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-3761389014725114120</id><published>2009-10-09T03:26:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-22T21:54:13.174-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bahasa inggris'/><title type='text'>aRtiCle..</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="table"&gt;The three articles — &lt;i&gt;a, an, the&lt;/i&gt; — are a kind of &lt;a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm"&gt;&lt;b&gt;adjective&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;i&gt;The&lt;/i&gt; is called the &lt;b&gt;definite article&lt;/b&gt; because it usually precedes a specific or previously mentioned &lt;a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/nouns.htm"&gt;&lt;b&gt;noun&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;; &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;an&lt;/i&gt; are called &lt;b&gt;indefinite&lt;/b&gt; articles because they are used to refer to something in a less specific manner (an unspecified count noun). These words are also listed among the &lt;b&gt;noun markers&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;determiners&lt;/b&gt; because they are almost invariably followed by a noun (or something else acting as a noun).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="center"&gt;&lt;table border="2" cellpadding="8" class="shadow" style="width: 450px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;img align="right" alt="caution" border="0" height="72" hspace="3" src="http://1.1.1.1/bmi/grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/images/slippery.gif" width="72" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="TABLE"&gt;&lt;span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold;"&gt;CAUTION!&lt;/span&gt; Even after you learn all the principles behind the use of these articles, you will find an abundance of situations where choosing the correct article or choosing whether to use one or not will prove chancy. Icy highways are dangerous. The icy highways are dangerous. And both are correct.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;The&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; is used with specific nouns. &lt;i&gt;The&lt;/i&gt; is required when the noun it refers to represents something that is one of a kind:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;u&gt;The moon&lt;/u&gt; circles &lt;u&gt;the earth&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The&lt;/i&gt; is required when the noun it refers to represents something in the abstract:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The United States has encouraged &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; use of &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; private automobile as opposed to &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; use of public transit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;&lt;i&gt;The&lt;/i&gt; is required when the noun it refers to represents something named earlier in the text. (See &lt;a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/determiners/determiners.htm#below"&gt;below.&lt;/a&gt;.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;a href="" name="h_words"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Merriam-Webster's Dictionary says that we can use &lt;i&gt;an&lt;/i&gt; before an &lt;i&gt;h-&lt;/i&gt; word that begins with an unstressed syllable. Thus, we might say &lt;u&gt;an&lt;/u&gt; hisTORical moment, but we would say &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; HIStory book. Many writers would call that an affectation and prefer that we say &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; historical, but apparently, this choice is a matter of personal taste.We use &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; before singular count-nouns that begin with consonants (a cow, a barn, a sheep); we use &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;an&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; before singular count-nouns that begin with vowels or vowel-like sounds (an apple, an urban blight, an open door). Words that begin with an &lt;i&gt;h&lt;/i&gt; sound often require an &lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; (as in &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; horse, &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; history book, &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; hotel), but if an h-word begins with an actual vowel sound, use an &lt;i&gt;an&lt;/i&gt; (as in &lt;u&gt;an&lt;/u&gt; hour, &lt;u&gt;an&lt;/u&gt; honor). We would say &lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; useful device&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; union matter&lt;/i&gt; because the &lt;i&gt;u&lt;/i&gt; of those words actually sounds like &lt;i&gt;yoo&lt;/i&gt; (as opposed, say, to the &lt;i&gt;u&lt;/i&gt; of &lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;an&lt;/u&gt; ugly incident&lt;/i&gt;). The same is true of &lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; European&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;&lt;u&gt;a &lt;/u&gt;Euro&lt;/i&gt; (because of that consonantal "Yoo" sound). We would say &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; once-in-a-lifetime experience or &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; one-time hero because the words &lt;i&gt;once&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;one&lt;/i&gt; begin with a &lt;i&gt;w&lt;/i&gt; sound (as if they were spelled &lt;i&gt;wuntz&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;won&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;br /&gt;For help on using articles with abbreviations and acronyms (&lt;i&gt;a&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;an&lt;/i&gt; FBI agent?), see the section on &lt;a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/abbreviations.htm#acronyms"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abbreviations&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="" name="below"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;First and subsequent reference:&lt;/b&gt; When we first refer to something in written text, we often use an indefinite article to modify it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;u&gt;A&lt;/u&gt; newspaper has an obligation to seek out and tell the truth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;In a subsequent reference to this newspaper, however, we will use the definite article:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;There are situations, however, when &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; newspaper must determine whether the public's safety is jeopardized by knowing the truth.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;Another example:&lt;br /&gt;"I'd like &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; glass of orange juice, please," John said.&lt;br /&gt;"I put &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; glass of juice on the counter already," Sheila replied.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;Exception:&lt;br /&gt;When a modifier appears between the article and the noun, the subsequent article will continue to be indefinite:&lt;br /&gt;"I'd like &lt;u&gt;a big&lt;/u&gt; glass of orange juice, please," John said.&lt;br /&gt;"I put &lt;u&gt;a big&lt;/u&gt; glass of juice on the counter already," Sheila replied.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Generic reference:&lt;/b&gt; We can refer to something in a generic way by &lt;img align="right" alt="caution" border="0" height="72" src="http://1.1.1.1/bmi/grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/images/slippery.gif" width="72" /&gt;using any of the three articles. We can do the same thing by omitting the article altogether.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;A&lt;/u&gt; beagle makes a great hunting dog and family companion. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;An&lt;/u&gt; airedale is sometimes a rather skittish animal. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;u&gt;The&lt;/u&gt; golden retriever is a marvelous pet for children. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Irish setters are not the highly intelligent animals they used to be.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;The difference between the generic indefinite pronoun and the normal indefinite pronoun is that the latter refers to any of that class ("I want to buy a beagle, and any old beagle will do.") whereas the former (see beagle sentence) refers to all members of that class.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;b&gt;Proper nouns:&lt;/b&gt; We use the definite article with certain kinds of proper nouns:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Geographical places: the Sound, the Sea of Japan, the Mississippi, the West, the Smokies, the Sahara (but often &lt;i&gt;not&lt;/i&gt; when the main part of the proper noun seems to be modified by an earlier attributive noun or adjective: We went swimming at &lt;s&gt;the&lt;/s&gt; Ocean Park) &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Pluralized names (geographic, family, teams): the Netherlands, the Bahamas, the Hamptons, the Johnsons, the New England Patriots &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Public institutions/facilities/groups: the Wadsworth Atheneum, the Sheraton, the House, the Presbyterian Church &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Newspapers: the &lt;i&gt;Hartford Courant&lt;/i&gt;, the &lt;i&gt;Times&lt;/i&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Nouns followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with "of": the leader of the gang, the president of our club&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;a href="" name="abstract"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Abstract nouns:&lt;/b&gt; Abstract nouns—the names of things that are not tangible—are sometimes used with articles, sometimes not:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The storm upset &lt;u&gt;my&lt;/u&gt; peace of mind. He was missing just one thing: peace of mind. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Injustice was widespread within the judicial system itself. He implored the judge to correct &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; injustice. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Her body was racked with grief. It was &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; grief he had never felt before.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;a href="" name="zero"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zero articles:&lt;/b&gt; Several kinds of nouns never use articles. We do not use articles with the names of languages ("He was learning Chinese." [But when the word Chinese refers to the people, the definite article might come into play: "The Chinese are hoping to get the next Olympics."]), the names of sports ("She plays badminton and basketball."), and academic subjects ("She's taking economics and math. Her major is Religious Studies.")&lt;br /&gt;When they are generic, non-count nouns and sometimes plural count-nouns are used without articles. "We like &lt;i&gt;wine&lt;/i&gt; with our dinner. We adore Baroque &lt;i&gt;music&lt;/i&gt;. We use &lt;i&gt;roses&lt;/i&gt; for many purposes." But if an "of phrase" comes after the noun, we use an article: "We adore &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; music &lt;u&gt;of&lt;/u&gt; the Baroque." Also, when a generic noun is used without an article and then referred to in a subsequent reference, it will have become specific and will require a definite article: "The Data Center installed computers in the Learning Center this summer. &lt;u&gt;The&lt;/u&gt; computers, unfortunately, don't work."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;Common count nouns are used without articles in certain special situations:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table bgcolor="#9df9fe" border="2" cellpadding="6" class="shadow" style="width: 500px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;idiomatic expressions&lt;br /&gt;using &lt;i&gt;be&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;go&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;We'll go by train. (as opposed to "We'll take &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; train.)&lt;br /&gt;He must be in school.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;with seasons&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;In spring, we like to clean the house.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;with institutions&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;He's in church/college/jail/class.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;with meals&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;Breakfast was delicious.&lt;br /&gt;He's preparing dinner by himself.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;with diseases&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;He's dying of pneumonia.&lt;br /&gt;Appendicitis nearly killed him.&lt;br /&gt;She has cancer&lt;br /&gt;(You will sometimes hear "the measles," "the mumps," but these, too, can go without articles.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;with time of day&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;We traveled mostly by night.&lt;br /&gt;We'll be there around midnight.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;h2&gt;Principles of Choosing an Article&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;b&gt;Choosing articles and determiners:&lt;/b&gt; Briefly defined, a determiner is a noun-marker: when you see one, you know that what follows is a &lt;a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/nouns.htm"&gt;&lt;b&gt;noun&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; or &lt;a href="http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/phrases.htm#noun"&gt;&lt;b&gt;noun phrase&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. There is a list of such words in the table below. When you place your mouse-cursor over a word or pair of related words (such as either/neither), you will see in the right-hand frame an image describing the kinds of words that word can modify.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Zero article&lt;/b&gt; (see table below) means either that no article would be appropriate with that kind of noun or that that kind of noun &lt;i&gt;can&lt;/i&gt; be used (in that context) without an article.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="shadow" style="width: 432px;"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign="top"&gt;&lt;td colspan="7"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;Notice that there is a difference between a "stressed" &lt;i&gt;some&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;any&lt;/i&gt; and an "unstressed" &lt;i&gt;some&lt;/i&gt; or &lt;i&gt;any&lt;/i&gt;. Consider the words in ALL CAPS as shouted words and you will hear the difference between these two:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;That is SOME car you've got there! &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;I don't want to hear ANY excuse!&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;As opposed to. . .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;We have some cars left in the lot. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Isn't there any furniture in the living room?&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="noindent"&gt;In terms of the words they usually modify, the unstressed &lt;i&gt;some&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;any&lt;/i&gt; do not modify singular count nouns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-3761389014725114120?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/3761389014725114120/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/10/article.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/3761389014725114120'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/3761389014725114120'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/10/article.html' title='aRtiCle..'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7565047487032016052.post-1623198639869219072</id><published>2009-10-09T02:27:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2009-11-19T03:16:31.257-08:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='bahasa inggris'/><title type='text'>DETERMINERS</title><content type='html'>&lt;table width="625" align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" border="0" cellpadding="15" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style="border: 1px solid rgb(0, 0, 0);" width="100%" background="http://1.1.1.3/bmi/www.testyourenglish.net/english-online/images/RY.jpg"&gt;&lt;li&gt;Determiners are used at the beginning of noun groups. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;We use specific determiners when people know exactly which things or people you are talking about. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;We use general determiners to talk about people or things without saying exactly who or what they are. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1&lt;/strong&gt;. When we use a determiner, we put it at the beginning of a noun group, in front of numbers or adjectives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I met &lt;u&gt;the two Swedish girls&lt;/u&gt; in London.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;u&gt;Our main bedroom&lt;/u&gt; is through that door.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Have you got &lt;u&gt;another red card&lt;/u&gt;?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;u&gt;Several young boys&lt;/u&gt; were waiting outside.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2&lt;/strong&gt;. When the people or things that you are talking about have already been mentioned, or the people you are talking to know exactly which ones you mean, you use a specific determiner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;u&gt;The&lt;/u&gt; man began to run towards &lt;u&gt;the&lt;/u&gt; boy.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Young people don't like &lt;u&gt;these&lt;/u&gt; operas.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;u&gt;Her&lt;/u&gt; face was very red.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The specific determiners are:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt;&lt;!-- google_ad_client="pub-5372587043402832";google_alternate_color="FFFFFF";google_ad_width=468;google_ad_height=60;google_ad_format="468x60_as";google_ad_type="text_image";google_ad_channel="3174694691";google_color_border="FFFFFF";google_color_bg="FFFFFF";google_color_link="0000FF";google_color_text="000000";google_color_url="000000";//--&gt;&lt;/script&gt; &lt;script type="text/javascript"&gt; 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style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; top: 0pt;" vspace="0" scrolling="no" width="468" frameborder="0" height="60"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="5"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;the definite article&lt;/strong&gt;: the&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;demonstratives&lt;/strong&gt;: this that these those&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;possessives&lt;/strong&gt;: my your his her its our their&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;Note that "your" is used both for the singular and plural possessive.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3&lt;/strong&gt;. When you are mentioning people or things for the first time, or talking about them generally without saying exactly which ones you mean, you use a general determiner.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There was &lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt; man in the lift.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;We went to &lt;u&gt;an&lt;/u&gt; art exhibition.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;You can stop at &lt;u&gt;any&lt;/u&gt; time you like.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There were &lt;u&gt;several&lt;/u&gt; reasons for this.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The general determiners are:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="5"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;a&lt;br /&gt;all&lt;br /&gt;an&lt;br /&gt;another&lt;br /&gt;any&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;both&lt;br /&gt;each&lt;br /&gt;either&lt;br /&gt;enough&lt;br /&gt;every&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;few&lt;br /&gt;fewer&lt;br /&gt;less&lt;br /&gt;little&lt;br /&gt;many&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;more&lt;br /&gt;most&lt;br /&gt;much&lt;br /&gt;neither&lt;br /&gt;no&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;other&lt;br /&gt;several&lt;br /&gt;some&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4&lt;/strong&gt;. Each general determiner is used with particular types of noun. You use some general determiners with:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;singular count nouns &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="5"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;a&lt;br /&gt;an&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;another&lt;br /&gt;any&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;each&lt;br /&gt;either&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;every&lt;br /&gt;neither&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;no&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I got &lt;u&gt;a postcard&lt;/u&gt; from Susan.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;u&gt;Any big tin container&lt;/u&gt; will do.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;He opened &lt;u&gt;another shop&lt;/u&gt; last month.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;plural count nouns &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="5"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;all&lt;br /&gt;any&lt;br /&gt;both&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;enough&lt;br /&gt;few&lt;br /&gt;fever&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;many&lt;br /&gt;more&lt;br /&gt;most&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;no&lt;br /&gt;other&lt;br /&gt;several&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;some&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There were &lt;u&gt;few doctors&lt;/u&gt; available.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;He spoke &lt;u&gt;many different languages&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;u&gt;Several projects&lt;/u&gt; had to be postponed.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;uncount nouns &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="5"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;all&lt;br /&gt;any&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;enough&lt;br /&gt;less&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;little&lt;br /&gt;more&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;most&lt;br /&gt;much&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;no&lt;br /&gt;some&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There was &lt;u&gt;little applause&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;We need &lt;u&gt;more information&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;He did not speak &lt;u&gt;much English&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;WARNING&lt;/strong&gt;: The following general determiners can never be used with uncount nouns.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;center&gt;&lt;table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table cellpadding="5"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;a&lt;br /&gt;an&lt;br /&gt;another&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;both&lt;br /&gt;each&lt;br /&gt;either&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;every&lt;br /&gt;few&lt;br /&gt;many&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;neither&lt;br /&gt;several&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/center&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5&lt;/strong&gt;. Most of the determiners are also pronouns, except "the", "a", "an", "every", "no" and the possessives.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;I saw &lt;u&gt;several&lt;/u&gt; in the woods last night.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Have you got &lt;u&gt;any&lt;/u&gt; that I could borrow?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There is &lt;u&gt;enough&lt;/u&gt; for all of us.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You use "one" as a pronoun instead of "a" or "an", "none" instead of "no", and "each" instead of "every"&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Have you got &lt;u&gt;one&lt;/u&gt;?&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;There are &lt;u&gt;none&lt;/u&gt; left.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;u&gt;Each&lt;/u&gt; has a separate box and number.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7565047487032016052-1623198639869219072?l=dianny89.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/feeds/1623198639869219072/comments/default' title='Poskan Komentar'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/10/determiners.html#comment-form' title='0 Komentar'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/1623198639869219072'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7565047487032016052/posts/default/1623198639869219072'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://dianny89.blogspot.com/2009/10/determiners.html' title='DETERMINERS'/><author><name>DIAN EKA FITRIA</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/01812045606573059535</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='24' height='32' src='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WO8cMlzq1lk/SwZ_CNkLn-I/AAAAAAAAAAY/x0L8GdzWLZQ/S220/dian+que.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
